趙偉:財政結餘超萬億,尚待支出落地
本文來自格隆匯專欄:趙偉宏觀探索,作者:趙偉團隊
報吿正文
事件:1月28日,財政部公佈2021年財政收支情況。2021年,全國一般財政收入同比10.7%、支出同比0.3%,政府性基金收入同比4.8%、支出同比-3.7%。
點評:
年底一般財政收支相對低迷,全年財政“超收減支”規模接近9千億元
一般財政收入增長延續低迷,全年收入較預算超收近5千億元。12月,一般財政收入同比-15.8%(兩年複合-0.6%)、前值-11.2%(兩年複合-7.1%);全年財政收入佔預算比重102.5%、超額完成4889億元,其中,中央和地方本級財政均實現超收、佔預算比重分別為10.2%和102.7%,分別超額2012和2877億元。


年底一般財政支出有所放緩,全年支出比預算低近4千億元、主因地方支出拖累。12月,一般財政支出同比-14.2%(兩年複合0%),低於前值的8.5%(兩年複合12.1%);全年財政支出為預算的98.5%、比預算少3798億元,其中,中央本級財政支出略超預算,地方財政支出為預算的98.4%、比預算少3333億元。


收入端税收和非税均回升,支出端交運等基建投入有所加快、其餘大多放緩
税收和非税收入兩年複合增速均回升,而地產和出口相關税收回落。12月,税收和非税收收入同比分別為-18.3%(兩年複合-0.3%)、-8.3%(兩年複合-1.2%),兩年複合增速分別較上月回升0.9和23.5個百分點;主要税種中,國內增值税和企業所得税兩年複合增速均有所回升,而土地增值税等地產相關税收降幅擴大1.7個百分點,關税等出口相關税收降幅擴大0.7個百分點、出口退税持續高增。


交運等基建相關支出有所加快,其餘支出增長大多放緩。12月,交通運輸支出兩年複合增速較上月提升20.9個百分點至27.2%、連續兩個月加速,帶動基建相關支出佔比回升;同時,衞生健康和債務付息支出增長也相對較快、兩年複合增速分別為16.8%和21.9%,而其餘多數支出分項兩年複合增速已回落至零以下。


全年政府性基金也超收、但支出大幅不及預算,廣義財政結餘約1.3萬億元
年底政府性基金收入有所修復、支出回落,全年收入超額完成、但支出大幅不及預算。12月,政府性基金收入同比2.8%(兩年複合14.1%)、好於前值的-8.7%(兩年複合7.8%);專項債影響下,政府性基金支出回落、同比1%(兩年複合21.4%)。全年來看,政府性基金收入佔預算比重為103.7%,中央和地方均超額完成;地方拖累下,政府性基金支出為預算的86.6%,收支差額近2.1萬億元。


全年廣義財政支出明顯不及預算,使得年底結餘資金或約1.3萬億元。12月,廣義財政收入同比-4.5%(兩年複合8.4%)、好於前值-10%(兩年複合-0.7%);支出同比-8.5%(兩年複合7.3%)、低於於前值的15.8%(兩年複合18.9%)。全年來看,廣義財政支出同比-1%(兩年複合4.4%)、低於全年預算支出增速的2%(兩年複合6.7%),一般財政和政府性基金合計結餘資金或在1.3萬億元左右。


重申觀點:穩增長“三步走”進行時,“經濟底”或將出現在1季度前後。第一步,貨幣寬鬆加碼、降準降息落地,地方債提前下達、加快發行等,帶動政府融資增多、為穩增長提供資金支持;第二步,以重大項目為代表的基建、產業等項目加快開施工,帶動實體需求改善,預計2季度邊際改善最為明顯;第三步,實體需求走出收縮“負循環”、經濟預期修復,GDP增速回歸5-5.5%的合理區間(詳情參見《穩增長“三步走”》)。
風險提示:
政策效果不及預期。債務壓制、項目質量等拖累穩增長需求釋放,資金滯留在金融體系;疫情反覆超預期,進一步抑制項目開工、生產經營活動等。
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