1月PMI数据点评:疫情反复对经济的影响显现
报告正文
事件2021年1月31日,国家统计局服务业调查中心和中国物流与采购联合会发布了中国采购经理指数。其中,制造业PMI指数为51.3%,较上月回落0.6个百分点。非制造业PMI为52.4%,较上月回落3.3个百分点。
PMI小幅回落,供需扩张有所放缓
PMI小幅回落。1月制造业PMI指数为51.3%,较上月小幅回落0.6个百分点,春节前后本就是制造业传统淡季,叠加疫情影响,制造业扩张速度减缓。从各分项来看,除原材料库存外,各分项环比均出现回落。从企业规模上来看,大、中型企业PMI分别较上月回落0.6和1.3个百分点,但仍位于较高的景气区间,小型企业虽较上月有所回升,但整体景气度仍相对偏弱。

生产扩张速度有所放缓。1月PMI生产指数为53.5%,较上月下降0.7个百分点,在局部疫情以及冬季停工的影响下,生产扩张增速连续2个月放缓。下一阶段,在就地过年影响下,生产企业停工周期或有所缩短,带动生产走强。
出口景气度回落,需求改善放缓。1月PMI新订单指数为52.3%,较上月回落1.3个百分点。新出口订单为50.2%,较上月回落1.1个百分点,PMI进口为49.8%,较上月回落0.6个百分点。
内需方面,在局部疫情和企业生产淡季的影响下,内需出现消费回暖。但由于春季临近,假日效应带动消费品行业回落,消费品行业需求释放明显,有效托底内需。下一阶段,各地政府针对就地过年出台多项补贴措施,或将持续为内需托底,但仍需关注疫情防控进展和政策落地情况。
外需方面,受海外疫情持续蔓延,圣诞、元旦等假日消费效应的消散,以及人民币升值等因素的影响,外需有所下滑。下一阶段,随着各国疫苗的陆续接种,海外经济体恢复的确定性较强,外需或将进一步复苏,带动出口持续维持高位。

盈利空间持续受挤压,企业被动补库存
价格数据维持高位,企业盈利空间持续受挤压。PMI购进价格回落0.9个百分点至67.1%,PMI出厂价格回落1.7个百分点至57.2%,但仍位于2020年以来的次高点。PMI出厂价格-购进价格差值为-9.9%,较上月环比下降0.8个百分点,反映企业盈利空间持续受压。

从各项数据来看,企业被动补库存。1月产成品库存为49.0%,较上月上升2.8个百分点;原材料库存为49.0%,较上月上升0.4个百分点。受供需两端改善幅度减弱的影响,采购量下降1.2个百分点至52.0%,企业被动补库存。
就业压力有所升温
就业压力有所升温。1月制造业从业人员项为48.4%,较上月回落1.2个百分点。非制造业从业人员项为47.8%,较上月回落0.9个百分点。冬季停工带动就业数据出现季节性回落,此外,疫情影响和春节返乡政策或导致工人提前返乡,叠加供需两端扩张放缓,进一步带动就业数据的回落。下一阶段,在“不急转弯”的主基调下,就业数据的边际变化,还需关注经济复苏幅度以及稳就业政策的落地情况。
整体来看,1月PMI小幅回落,供需两端均出现扩张放缓的趋势,反映疫情反复对经济的影响显现。下一阶段,随着疫苗接种范围的持续扩大以及各经济体的财政刺激计划,出口或将有望在短期内回到持续强劲的区间,但仍需关注疫苗的有效性和海外供需缺口的收敛幅度。在就地过年的影响下,国内生产停工周期或将缩短,带动生产走强,但仍需关注疫情的反复以及“不急转弯”的政策落地情况。

风险提示:疫情防控进展不及预期;政策支持力度不及预期;通胀超预期。
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