友信全球财讯 | 特朗普:美联储应该将利率降至零或更低
摘要:周三,特朗普推特发文呼吁美联储将利率设定为零或更低,坚称负利率有助于美国抑制借贷成本和刺激经济增长。
11日,特朗普通过推特再次抨击美联储的货币政策。由于中美贸易战的下行风险使世界经济陷入困境,特朗普称中央银行“笨蛋”地错过了历史低收益率所带来的“千载难逢的机遇”。特朗普重申了他对美联储主席杰罗姆鲍威尔的失望,他认为,面对全球经济放缓,鲍威尔在放松货币政策方面做得不够积极。
负利率的概念在理论上具有吸引力,但经济学家表示,其影响在现实中的吸引力要小得多。虽然它使违约风险几乎为零,但负利率的全球债务(目前估计为16万亿美元),会对储户不利并侵蚀银行的盈利能力。此外,特朗普对负利率越来越着迷,将推动投资者牺牲安全收益转向债券发行人。
资本经济的首席美国经济学家Paul Ashworth周三表示,作为高杠杆率的房地产开发商,特朗普正在考虑借款人的负利率。然而,美联储对负利率态度冷淡,部分是因为官员们知道这可能会挑起储户的愤怒情绪,并拖累央行陷入政治漩涡。
由于避险政府债务的收益率在全球范围内崩溃(主要是出于对经济的担忧和央行宽松政策的预期),借贷成本急剧下降。事实上,美国国会预算办公室(CBO)上个月表示,即使在赤字支出激增的情况下,联邦政府在借贷成本上的节省将转化为CBO在未来10年内 1.1万亿美元的净减少额。
美银指出,负利率的普遍存在是预期经济疲软的一个因素。随着投资者涌向避险资产,市场已进入避险模式,推动主要经济体利率下降。如果收益率继续走低,将导致债券市场泡沫膨胀,给全球经济带来另一个风险。
由于通胀率较低,欧洲央行、瑞士国家银行和日本央行都承诺维持负利率,特朗普认为美联储应该在美国国内复制这一政策。
少数专家认为,负利率至少能在短期内发挥作用。Invesco投资副主席Krishna Memani上周表示,央行的目标是关注增长和就业,而不是确保经济中存在足够的高收益资产来满足某些人的需求。他认为,强调高收益率是一个没有实际意义的问题,因为没有潜在的经济增长就无法产生资产回报。这一论点与特朗普强调美联储需要采取更多措施来支持经济增长相吻合。
然而,其他分析师称,零利率是一个陷阱,一旦经济增长和通胀回归,将难以摆脱这一陷阱。美银的分析师表示,如果银行不将负利率转嫁给存款人,负利率就会对其盈利能力构成压力。负利率越高(绝对值),银行产生正净息差的障碍就越大。
前美联储主席艾伦·格林斯潘表示,在全球主要经济体利率为负的情况下,美国的负利率政策只是时间问题。基准美国10年期国债收益率徘徊在接近历史低点2%以下,预计将进一步下跌。
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