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靳毅:供需走弱,誰來託底?
格隆匯 11-01 14:58

本文來自格隆匯專欄:靳毅,作者:靳毅團隊

事件2021年10月31日,國家統計局服務業調查中心和中國物流與採購聯合會發布了中國採購經理指數。其中,製造業PMI指數爲49.2%,較上月回落0.4個百分點。非製造業PMI指數爲52.4%,較上月下降0.8個百分點。

 點評

1

PMI連創新低,生產持續受擾動

製造業PMI持續回落,連創新低。10月製造業PMI指數爲49.2%,較上月回落0.4個百分點,創去年3月以來新低,且各分項較上月均有所回落。從企業規模上來看,中型企業PMI較上月回落1.1個百分點,連續2個月處於收縮區間;小型企業PMI較上月持平,但連續6個月位於臨界點以下,反映中、小型企業生產經營仍面臨較大壓力。

限電限產政策延續,企業生產受到明顯擾動。10月PMI生產指數爲48.4%,較上月回落1.1個百分點。在能耗雙控主基調下,多個省份限電限產現象持續,企業生產也因此受到較爲明顯的擾動,帶動生產指數連創新低。下一階段,隨着發改委等部門發文強調煤炭保供穩價,企業用電緊張現象或將有所緩解,但考慮到能耗雙控主基調不改,企業生產的邊際改善程度仍有待驗證。

2

需求小幅回落,而出口仍表現出韌性

需求持續小幅回落。10月PMI新訂單指數爲48.8%,較上月回落0.5個百分點,連續3個月位於臨界點以下。新出口訂單爲指數46.6%,較上月上升0.4個百分點,PMI進口指數爲47.5%,較上月回升0.7個百分點。

外需方面,海外聖誕、元旦雙節臨近,假日消費品需求有所提升,疊加歐美等國經濟持續恢復,裝備製造需求也對外需有所拉動。此外,東南亞疫情暫未得到有效控制,訂單迴流也對出口形成託底。下一階段,考慮到冬季來臨,東南亞疫情防控難度或將有所提升,出口在回落趨勢之下仍有一定的韌性。

內需方面,在能耗雙控和原材料價格高位上漲等因素的影響下,企業需求受到較爲明顯的抑制,對內需產生一定的影響。下一階段,隨着煤炭保供穩價政策的陸續出臺,疊加基建投資的陸續發行,內需或將得到一定的支撐。

3

價格高位上行,企業庫存去化

價格高位上行,企業盈利空間受擠壓。10月PMI購進價格上升8.6個百分點至72.1%,PMI出廠價格上升4.7個百分點至61.1%。PMI出廠價格-購進價格差值爲-11.0%。較上月下滑3.9個百分點,反映企業盈利空間受擠壓。

從各項數據上來看,企業庫存出現去化。10月產成品庫存爲46.3%,較上月回落0.9個百分點;原材料庫存爲47.0%,較上月回落0.2個百分點。10月採購量指數回落0.8個百分點至48.9%,反映在電力供應緊張和原材料價格高位上漲等因素背景下,企業生產經營活躍度有所減弱,庫存整體呈現去化的現象。

4

就業數據有所回落

就業數據有所回落。10月製造業從業人員項爲48.8%,較上月下滑0.2個百分點。非製造業從業人員項爲47.5%,較上月下滑0.3個百分點。在能耗雙控等因素和原材料價格高位上漲等因素的影響下,供需兩端雙雙回落,企業用工景氣度整體也有所下滑,帶動就業數據走弱

整體來看,在能耗雙控政策和原材料價格高位上漲等因素的影響下,供需雙雙持續回落,帶動製造業PMI連創新低。

下一階段,生產端,隨着煤炭保供穩價等政策的出臺,企業用電緊張現象或將有所緩解,但在能耗雙控的主基調下,生產的邊際改善幅度仍有待驗證。

需求端,外需方面,隨着冬季來臨,東南亞疫情防控難度或將有所提升,訂單迴流邏輯不改,出口韌性仍存。內需方面,能耗雙控政策將對持續內需產生抑制,但煤炭保供穩價等措施的出臺和基建投資的陸續發力,將託底內需,內需階段性或將出現一定的改善。

風險提示:疫情防控進展不及預期;通脹超預期;政策落地不及預期

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