人民币升值并非应对大宗商品涨价的良方
本文来自:中国宏观经济论坛 CMF 作者:王晋斌
大宗商品价格普涨的原因主要包括:随着疫苗接种的推进,全球经济修复预期向好,尤其是美国经济产出缺口出现了较为快速的收敛,再加上美国拟推出大规模的基建计划,增加了对大宗商品的需求预期;美联储货币政策新框架弹性平均通胀目标制允许通胀出现较长时间的“超调”,国际金融市场流动性充裕;由于疫情影响,部分大宗商品生产国出现产能下降,供给不足推高大宗商品价格;在流动性充裕背景下,资本市场的投机行为也助推了价格上涨。
目前,国际金融市场充裕的流动性使得大宗商品价格还具有一定的上涨动力。因此,成本推动型通胀成为全球经济修复和复苏面临的风险,是否需要通过人民币升值来降低进口物价水平也成为中国货币政策需要考虑的现实问题。我们认为,不宜聚焦人民币持续升值来降低进口成本及物价水平。
首先,出口依然是中国经济畅通双循环的重要节点。从政策角度来看,人民币汇率政策是货币政策的重器,在国际金融市场出现大宗商品结构性价格上涨的时候,并不能代表全球一定会出现显著的通胀压力,不宜用政策重器去应对结构性的进口物价上涨。今年以来,美元指数基本没有变化,人民币对美元已经升值了近2%,人民币一篮子货币贸易汇率大约上升了1.5%。人民币汇率较大幅度升值会对出口造成一定的负面影响。
其次,应避免汇率升值就一定能够高效降低进口物价水平的线性思维方式。汇率升值到大宗商品进口物价水平下降,中间存在汇率传递微观定价机制问题,如果传递系数小,汇率升值对于降低大宗商品进口价格的作用有限。
再次,当前大宗物价上涨具有暂时性,供需时间错配导致的物价上涨并不具有经济总需求导致物价上涨的性质,随着全球疫情防控的进展,供应瓶颈问题的缓和将有助于平抑大宗商品价格的持续上涨。
最后,由于美联储允许通胀较长时间“超调”,这将导致美国的通胀水平会在较长的时间里持续超过2%。目前中国的物价水平总体运行平稳,尽管4月由于基数影响PPI同比涨幅较大,但进口导致的通胀压力可控。在这个阶段就通过汇率升值来适度降低进口物价水平,如果未来全球真的出现了通胀,就会失去通过汇率政策降低进口通胀的空间。
近期人民币升值的主要原因是美联储允许通胀持续“超调”所致。在此背景下,美元开始对内、对外双重贬值。从4月初到5月25日,美元指数贬值了大约3.3%,人民币对美元升值了2.3%,人民币一篮子货币贸易汇率大约上升了0.5%,继续体现了一篮子货币汇率稳定性优先的汇率走势,人民币汇率在合理均衡水平上保持了基本稳定。未来应侧重于稳价保供,加大金融市场监管约束大宗商品投机性行为,消化大宗商品价格上涨带来的冲击。
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