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物流系列深度报告电商快递单票成本的极限值在哪?维持“看好”评级
格隆汇 06-21 08:56

机构:申万宏源

评级:看好

本期投资提示:

继往开来:经济下行预期下优选具有消费属性的电商件快递。我们在2019年6月12日对外发布《物流行业分析框架:需求如何推动行业发展?-申万物流系列深度报告之一》。从物流各个细分行业来看,按照盈利能力强弱的排序为:快递、快运、零担和整车,快递规模效应最明显的细分行业,因此也是最容易出现大公司的领域。因此,从投资的角度,我们的细分行业排序是快递、快运、零担和整车。考虑到经济下行预期下,拼多多、淘宝等网购需求的韧性已经得到验证,因此我们优选具有消费属性的电商快递。从通达系电商快递公司过去十多年的发展来看,基本延续着“适当降价—更大市场份额—规模效应—成本壁垒”这样的成长路径,成本控制能力是电商快递龙头取胜之道。

总部单票平均中转成本极限值为0.83元左右。以目前单票成本最低中通为例,按照自有卡车运输比列达到90%、自有卡车单票运输成本较外请车辆低40%(根据2019Q1测算)、大容量卡车比列达到90%来测算,则在有人驾驶条件下,中通快递的单票干线运输成本极限值为0.50元;按照同等条件自动化单票分拣成本下降30%、未来自动化分拣处理包裹比例上升到90%测算,则中通快递的单票分拣成本极限值为0.33元。那么在不考虑加盟商自跑,最理想的情况下,单票运输成本将降低至0.50元、单票分拨成本降低至0.33元,单票中转成为合计为0.83元,相较2018年中通单票中转成本还有22%下降空间(若考虑到未来无人驾驶、机器快递人等技术的成熟,单票中转成本还将有继续下降空间)。从时间节奏,中通快递单票中转成本达到极限值可能需要3年左右时间。

“通达系”中成本暂时落后者具备追赶的可能。从电商件快递公司内部之间来看,单件成本下降幅度仍然是当前阶段观察电商件快递的核心指标。正如本篇报告第二章所讨论,资产投入不同是现有电商快递龙头成本差异的核心原因,对于成本暂时落后者,“补资产短板“是未来降成本的核心。以圆通速递为例,从固定资产和无形资产来看,圆通速递的土地使用权和房屋建筑等长期资产一直领先同行,但是在自有车辆与机器设备方面落后于同行,说明圆通速递的早期资产投入一直着眼于长期布局。但是从2018年初开始,圆通速递开始加大自动化分拣和运输车辆的投入。根据圆通速递2018年报业绩数据,公司2018Q4业绩大幅超市场预期的核心原因,便是运输车辆和自动化分拣设备的投入,使得旺季Q4的单件成本得到极大的改善。

投资建议。从需求来看,经济下行预期下,拼多多、淘宝等网购需求的韧性已经得到验证,网购驱动电商快递持续保持高增长。从收入成本来看,单票成本控制能力既是龙头公司的核心壁垒,又是公司减少行业价格战对业绩扰动的核心举措。从行业角度,目前仍然处于降成本的第二阶段,对于成本暂时领先者,优化资产投入带来成本继续下降,以中通快递为例,中转成本还具备22%左右下降空间。而对于成本暂时落后者,“补资产短板“是未来降成本的核心举措,如2018年的圆通速递已经取得了比较明显的成效。总体来说,总部成本管控能力最终影响末端的揽件竞争力,仍然是短期内投资通达系快递股重要的观察指标。因此上半年电商快递我们看好的是单票成本下降幅度最大的圆通速递、业绩成长性最稳定的韵达股份,同时建议关注阿里入股后有望迎来效率持续优化的申通快递。

风险提示。行业剧烈价格,重大安全事故。

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